The Space Show
The Space Show
The Space Show focuses on timely and important issues influencing the development of outer-space commerce, space tourism,space exploration and space development. The Space Show is committed to facilitating our becoming a space-faring nation and society with a growing and self-sustaining space-faring economy. The Space Show also focuses on other related subjects of interest to us all.
Station feed:  Created by: David Livingston |
Created on: 12 May 2005 Language: English |
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Dr. Pascal Lee, Friday, 2-26-10 (59.97MB; download) -- Guest: Dr. Pascal Lee. Topics: Phobos, Mars, SETI & the Drake Equation, space policy. Dr. Pascal Lee returned to The Space Show for an exciting discussion on several relevant and most interesting topics. In our fist segment , we discussed humans to Phobos and Deimos before going to Mars. Dr. Lee explained why these were better initial destinations than Mars, especially Phobos. Did you know that it would be less costly to go to Phobos than our Moon? This is a very comprehensive discussion that you will not want to miss. Later in the segment, we talked about the coming Mars Explorer ESA mission that will fly within 50 km of Phobos for high resolution pictures. We also talked about the planned Russian Grunt Mission which is a sample return mission. This led to a discussion on planetary protection measures and more. In our second segment, a listener asked if someone jumped high on Phobos if they would break free of Phobos gravity. The answer was yes but listen to the segment for details. We next talked about the SETI Institute, the Drake Equation, and Pascal's theory that N might actually be a small number. In support of this, Dr. Lee referenced the Fermi Paradox. See what you think of the possibility of N being a small number and what this implies for life throughout the galaxy as well as universe. A listener asked Dr. Lee if he could end up being disappointed by findings on Phobos or Deimos. He said no but don't miss the explanation behind his answer. As we started segment three, a listener wanted to compare the possibility of life on Europa against Phobos and wanted to know how NASA prioritized such missions. Pascal did a superb job in explaining the differences in Europa and Phobos in the context of possible life and he explained the two NASA philosophies on such missions. This is a good summary of how NASA missions are decided, developed, and implemented. Later in the segment, we asked Pascal about the proposed changes in the new NASA space policy. He divided his response into two areas focusing on both strategic policy and tactical policy. He has concerns that the tactical side will not be met but you need to hear this complete discussion to understand this important information. He did say that any program needed three ingredients including a mission with well defined goals, a time schedule, and sufficient resources to get the job done. He also said the private sector needs engagement and is also bound by these three requirements. In terms of vision, he suggested the general public wants to be inspired and these three tactical ingredients lead to the public's inspiration. Dr. Lee also said a superior public relations effort has to be undertaken to change the public perception of space and to help people understand its real value and worth to us all. As we started segment four, caller Larry wanted to know about the Phoenix Lights and related issues in conjunction with scientific research. He was inquiring if Dr. Lee had seen a special National Geographic documentary and was interested in exploring if SETI might be doing it wrong.. This discussion facilitated Dr. Lee in talking about scientific research, the search for ET, UFOs, Roswell, scientific evidence, etc. See what you think of this discussion. Toward the end of the show, Dr. Lee introduced us to exploring the Moon and Mars using Pressurized Rovers. This is definitely something to follow and to be excited about. Check out the Mars Institute for more information about Dr. Lee and his work at www.marsinstitute.info. If you have a question or comment for Dr. Pascal Lee, you can reach him through the website or at pascal.leeATmarsinstitute.net Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Sat, 27 Feb 2010 17:32:50 UTC
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Dr. Mario Pinheiro, Greg Meholic, Thursday, 2-25-10 (42.62MB; download) -- Guests: Dr. Mario Pinheiro; Greg Meholic. Topics:" Advanced propulsion ideas and theories. Greg Meholic was the co-host with me for this special program featuring Dr. Mario Pinheiro from Portugal to talk about his plasma physics and fluidic space time research that may have applications for advanced space propulsion. In our first segment, Greg and Dr. Pinheiro provided us with background information on plasma physics, fluids, space time and Maxwell equations. As you will hear, Dr. Pinheiro applied math formulas to the Maxwell equations to make them more dynamic and this forms the basis of some of his research. We also discussed the extreme theoretical and any realistic time lines to commercial or relevant hardware. You do not want to miss this discussion. Other subjects discussed in this segment included the aether as a quantum vacuum. Greg referenced the Tri Space Universe and subluminal and superluminal space. A listener asked for a definition of mainstream science and why the subjects being discussed on the show were not considered mainstream. As we approached the end of this segment, our guests said that a theory is that gravity is the space between the space in the Tri Space model or between sub, luminal, and superluminal space. As we started the second segment, Trent from Australia asked about a paper on magneto electro particles by Alex Feigel. Our guests were familiar with this work and discussed it. Other listeners wanted to know how this advanced physics could help facilitate a different type of space transportation. Our guests described some theories on how propulsion could be derived from what we were exploring on the show so don't miss how this science can evolve to being very relevant for space travel and access. Later in this segment, I asked Professor Pinheiro how he remained grounded while working on far out, out of the box theories. Here our discussion led us into the area of peer review and both Greg and Professor Pinheiro had much to say on the peer review process, especially for advanced or out of the box theories. This is a very important discussion, don't miss it. Listener Elisabeth brought up the issue of science fraud as a result of what we are seeing and reading about in climate science and asked our guests if all science was now contaminated with fraud. Greg and Dr. Pinheiro provided a stark difference in science based on math as we discussed on this show and science relying on data and analysis which is much easier to be manipulated. Also, more money flows to the latter and money can be corrupting. This is a very important discussion about the importance of honest science, manipulation, and corruption and I am sure you will want to hear it. Fusion was brought up by a listener toward the end of the show and Dr. Pinheiro made the additional comment that in his opinion the best science today was done in the U.S. and Japan. He ended with an appeal for us in the States to continue doing real fundamental research. Make sure you hear his closing comments. If you have questions for Greg Meholic or Dr. Mario Pinheiro, here is how to contact each of them: Greg: orionstar2209@yahoo.com. For Mario Pinheiro, use mpinheiro@ist.utl.pt. To down load abstracts and papers from the SPESIF conference referred to during this program, visit http://ias-spes.org/SPESIF.html. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Fri, 26 Feb 2010 04:14:41 UTC
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Jim Muncy, Wednesday, 2-25-10 (40.61MB; download) -- Guest: Jim Muncy. Topics: Administration's space policy proposal, commercial space. Jim Muncy was our guest for this 90 minute program without a break to discuss the Administration's new space policy proposal. Jim started the discussion saying that the Space Frontier Foundation (SFF) strongly supported the administration policy and that he wanted to help explain the program to us. He said the plan was for opening the space frontier as opposed to the continuation of a centrally planned government directed program. Under this new policy proposal, the private sector was being given a greater role in space. Among the private companies being talked about were Sierra Nevada with ULA, Boeing, Space X, Blue Origins, and others. Jim explained commercial crew programs and the shift to using them and said that opening up space per the new policy would allow many more people to participate in space. Listener Kelly challenged this assumption during a call he made to discuss this and other points with Jim. Heavy lift was discussed in detail, don't miss what Jim had to say about heavy lift . We talked about the state of the U.S. economy and our deficits on any space program and you do not want to miss this important discussion. As you will hear, all space is discretionary spending and this is going to be squeezed unless we find a way to make space far more valuable to us all than it currently is and Jim believes this new policy approach has a much better chance of doing that than say the Program of Record. We talked about time tables and goals as well as going to Mars and other interesting places. Listen carefully to what Jim had to say about setting time tables and developing specific flight or other schedules. We talked about technology demonstrations and Jim said these were flight demonstrations and this did not mean just doing lab work. Jim talked extensively about using existing rockets rather than the need to keep building a new giant rocket that we cannot afford. This was a theme throughout our discussion and its a major point in the proposed new space policy. We talked about the GAP, keeping the shuttle flying for a longer period of time to minimize the GAP, and the process that Congress will use to debate and eventually send legislation to the President. Toward the end of the program, Jim got received a listener question suggesting that the SFF did not represent the views of everyone wanting to see space developed so what about those that don't see space the way SFF sees space. Pay particular attention to how Jim responded to this listener question as Jim did an excellent job of demonstrating how people with different objectives and perspectives regarding space can find common ground and agreement even with challenging and complex issues and policies. If you have a question or comment for Jim Muncy about this program, our national space policy, or SFF, please contact him at james.muncy@polispace.com. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Thu, 25 Feb 2010 16:04:14 UTC
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Jim Funaro, Tuesday, 2-23-10 (41.37MB; download) -- Guest: Jim Funaro. Topics: Contact Conference, cultural anthropology for exploring space. Jim Funaro returned to update us about this year's Contact Conference, March 26-28 at NASA Ames. Visit the conference website for detailed conference information and registration at www.contact-conference.org. In our first segment, Jim let us know that this conference was the 26th Contact Conference! We talked about the quarter century history of the conference and some of the memorable early programs. Jim also described a new feature for the conference this year, the use of two teams that will not talk to each other about what they are planning but will meet on Sunday to simulate an unrehearsed First Contact meeting! Don't miss Jim's description of this unique conference program. We also talked about the Cultures of Imagination (COTI) program which you can read about on the Contact website at www.contact-conference.org/c02.html. Toward the end of this segment, a Phoenix listener asked about the movie Avatar in the context of the discussion about anthropology and space. As we started our second segment, Jim picked up on the Avatar question and said that there was an Avatar panel for this year's conference. He spent some time discussing this and the movie from the anthropology and space perspective. You will certainly want to hear this discussion. Additional listener questions came in regarding Stargate SG-1. I asked Jim why in our current space policy discussions there appears to be an absence of anything related to cultural issues for space development and exploration. Don't miss Jim's explanation for this. In our third segment, a Canadian listener asked about the sci-fi series Defying Gravity. Jim talked about some of the papers that will be presented at this year's conference and said that Contact was an interdisciplinary conference meeting with talks crossing many different fields of interest. He listed many of the major speakers and their papers so don't miss what will be addressed at Contact this year. A Boston listener asked about ET contact with humans and another asked Jim if he thought there were conspiracies in place regarding hiding ET contact. He said no. Toward the end of the program, Jim told us about the book he was writing and its possible release later this year. If you have a comment or question for Jim Funaro about this program or the upcoming Contact Conference, please email him at jafunaro@cabrillo.edu. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Wed, 24 Feb 2010 16:38:56 UTC
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Dr. George Robinson, Monday, 2-22-10 (61.47MB; download) -- Guest: Dr. George Robinson. Topics: the Biology of Space Law and commercial space management. Dr. George Robinson was our guest for this two hour program centered around his paper, "Quantum Physics and the Biology of Space Law: The Interstitial Glue of Global Support for Space Migration and a Proposed Commercial Management Infrastructure." If after hearing this program you would like a copy of this paper, please email your request to me. In our first segment, Dr. Robinson talks about some of the critical pressure and stress points we are facing in the world today and how these issues fit into space law and why we go to space. As you will hear, our focus is on species survival and that is the ultimate reason for going to space. Space law facilitates making this happen and helps to set the stage for creative thinking, the development of new alliances, and ultimately the needed new type of private commercial consortium to take us all to space. In segment two, Dr. Robinson explained more about the survival issues and said that there were only two possibilities for humans, either the ocean floors or off planet. Don't miss what he says about each option. Lewis and Clark type of exploration came up as well as fun and pleasure seeking reasons for going to space such as space tourism. Dr. Robinson addressed both of these as subsets of species survival. William in Hawaii asked about laws like shipping with flags of convenience, property rights and the right to private ownership, and here the issues of "for the benefit of mankind" came up and entered the discussion. You will certainly want to hear what our guest had to say about these matters. In our third segment, we talked about a reality check with the way things are today as compared to the needed evolution to get to where Dr. Robinson sees us going and reaching our future potential. We talked about the anthropic principle and stressed that the desired outcome was for the private sector, not the public sector though there should be government R&D but at some point it has to get out of the way. Later in this segment, listener Dave Huntsman called the show and took issue with Dr. Robinson for his not supporting the Administration's space policy program. This call produced a very spirited discussion with Dave and George with George being very clear on why he does not see the administration program satisfactorily and in fact later in this conversation, I jumped in with my passionate rant on our economic problems and growing deficits. Dave said he would respond to my question about deficits from an economic perspective but that did not really happen. George used this discussion as an example of why we have to transcend the national and what he calls "stove pipe" perspectives. Don't miss this high energy exchange among the three of us. Later in this same segment, Charles from Mojave called in to advocate his cry for bypassing NASA and going small with Microlaunchers. As this program drew to its conclusion, Dr. Robinson again said we needed to get out of nationalism and move beyond that. I urge you to request his paper by sending me an email and reading what Dr. Robinson proposes. His concluding comments were that we needed to work together to find a unique way to garner all the resources and energy of all of the nations to participate in this during the worst of economic times. If you have a question or comment for Dr. George Robinson, please send it to me at drspace@thespaceshow.com. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Tue, 23 Feb 2010 04:23:20 UTC
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Matthew Allner, Sunday, 2-21-10 (58.55MB; download) -- Guest: Matthew Allner. Topics: space education, STEM, astronaut selection process. Matt Allner returned for this program to talk about space education and his teaching experiences, the NASA Explorer School program, how to become a NASA astronaut, and related items. This two hour program was in two segments. In our first segment, Matt got right into teaching issues including "teaching to the test." He got several questions wanting him to tell us all what is wrong with our educational system today, especially with science, fact, STEM, and space. Matt was asked to compare and contrast the three states he has taught in, California, Iowa, and Colorado. This is a very interesting comparison, make sure you hear it. Matt had much to say about tests in general and said too much emphasis is placed on them. For STEM education, he said NASA inspires students to pursue STEM courses but its hard work and hard to do. Listen to how he teaches STEM classes to his students. You also want to pay close attention to what he had to say about school boards and administrations and how they see and evaluate the NASA programs. As he said on air, its not fast food! We talked about iPhone and iPod apps for Mars and other STEM subjects and how to use these devices to interest and hold the kids with the subject. But as listeners said along with Matt, if one does not know the underlying rule or premise, being dependent on the electronic device is not a good thing. Matt had much to say about this using his search and rescue experience as a model. In our second segment, Matt told us about his astronaut application process and his interviews in 2008. Don't miss the story he tells about the NASA call coming in during the middle of his 8th grade class and how he incorporated his class into that call. Matt discussed Houston, the training program, and we talked about what might happen with the astronauts if the US does not do human spaceflight missions for many years given possible space policy changes. A listener asked about long term space travel issues and space detachment from Earth. Matt again used his search and rescue diving experiences as the model and the use of communications. Another listener asked if these human efforts might someday be replaced by a computerized HAL from 2001 but Matt made it clear he was far more comfortable with humans on the com than computer. I asked him about our economy and how he saw the impact on space policy with our increasing deficits, interest on the deficits, and our economic situation, both domestic and globally. He said we needed to make sure that we let Congress know just how important space is and this must be a constant reminder. We also talked about space travel and Matt separated a tourist from someone who might make a long duration or settlement type of spaceflight. See if you agree with him. If you have a question or comment for Matthew Allner, you can email him at mjallner@msn.com. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Mon, 22 Feb 2010 03:19:09 UTC
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Dr. Jim Vedda, Friday,2-19-10 (59.73MB; download) -- Guest: Dr. Jim Vedda. Topics: U.S. space policy, capabilities driven rather than destination driven, "Choice, Not Fate." Dr. Jim Vedda returned to the program to discuss his new book, "Choice, Not Fate: Shaping a Sustainable Future in the Space Age." The book is available through the One Giant Leap Foundation (OGLF) Amazon partners program and if purchased through OGLF, Amazon contributes to OGLF/The Space Show. You can order this book using this specific URL: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1450013473?tag=onegialeafou-20. In our first segment, we talked about the timing of his new book and the Feb. 1 announcement of the Administration's proposed 2011 space budget and policy. Jim extended the discussion saying that his book looks at what is best for the nation, not what is best for any particular interest holder. He also talked about Apollo and said that the Apollo programs and era were not golden. Don't miss this discussion. He then went on to say that he makes the point very strongly in opposing a destination driven space policy rather than a capabilities driven policy. He also said we need to be thinking planning at least out to mid-century, maybe even longer. He talked about the need to develop important skills, to fully use the ISS, and the need to size hardware such as Orion for specific missions and projects. As we started our second segment, we talked about the need for a cultural shift in our space program and planning, and that it must come from the top down in the Administration but that it was not there. He was asked about sunk costs on Constellation, don't miss his response to this important question. Dr. Vedda again repeated the need to match our rockets and hardware to the project, develop what we need to accomplish the goals, but we do not do that. Our discussion evolved into one focusing on the need for long term planning. We discussed this in the context of American businesses not doing much long term planning for business and fiduciary reasons, and that this was not unique to the space industry. Dr. Vedda said the annual budget process and cycle needed revisions and were part of the problem. In our third segment, we continued the discussion about the need for long term planning and that the space community was too insular. In this segment, he discussed Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in the context of space policy, and also talked about the potential for SSP. He described the long term planning process for SSP going backwards from mid-century deployment of SSP to what would be needed starting now to make it happen on that time line. Later in this segment economics were discussed and Dr. Vedda pointed out how they can change over time. We also got into a discussion about vision versus fantasy. I asked him how one could tell them apart and he listed several test criteria. Pay attention to what he said, his rules are excellent. We also talked about suborbital tourism and would it prove to be a path to orbital tourism and spaceflight. In segment four, Dr. Vedda addressed four primary goals with his book, including the focus on long term planning, exploration and development, capabilities not destinations, and global solutions to bring in the most talented and best people to the space and related industries. We talked about lunar programs of other national space agencies, and the U.S. economy. Here he said that our space program needed diversity and multiple interest holders to enable it have the most value to the most members of society so that even in touch times space is seen as economically valuable. If you have questions or comments for Dr. Jim Vedda, please address them to me at drspace@thespaceshow.com and I will forward them to him. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Sat, 20 Feb 2010 16:56:04 UTC
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Dr. Angie Bukley, Thursday, 2-18-10 (30.37MB; download) -- Guest: Dr. Angie Bukley. Topics: Space and its various meanings, importance, and development. Dr. Angie Bukley returned for this special one hour program to discuss her latest book co-edited with Dr. Joe Pelton and published by Apogee, "The Farthest Shore: A 21st Century Guide to Space." This book is available through the One Giant Leap Foundation (OGLF) Amazon Partners website at www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/books. If you buy the book through OGLF, Amazon makes an important contribution to OGLF/The Space Show. The direct OGLF URL is www.amazon.com/dp/1926592077?tag=onegialeafou-20. We started our discussion by asking Dr. Bukley about the concluding chapter first, Chapter 12: The Meaning of It All because this chapter sums up the many reasons why we value space, its development, and why we want to go to space. Its one of the best responses to these questions which are always asked both within the space community as well as in the general population. Dr. Bukley suggested that an overriding theme from this last chapter was the need for people to explore . There were questions about ISU students, the attitude about space tourism both within the student body and the French population in general. Another question asked Dr. Bukley was what her book would like on these subjects in ten years. Here, we learned that the goal is to make this into an online book and have it constantly updated to reflect changing times and changes within the industry. She made the point that it was not static. Listener Terry called in from Dallas, won the book given away by Apogee, and asked Dr. Bukley what she would like to do in space. This produced a most interesting discussion, don't miss it. We talked about space walks, weightlessness, and Angie used the terms the microgravity dance and choreography for such a dance. Angie suggested that she would like to just spend time looking out the windows but listen to her full comments in response to this question. What would you like to do when you go to space? Other listener questions addressed space markets and business, the subject of Chapter 11 of the book. Don't miss this discussion either. Space policy, space law and the regulatory environment came up and we also talked about the Next Generation Suborbital Research Conference underway in Boulder, CO that Angie was attending. In our commercial discussion, asteroid mining was brought up and Angie mentioned the ISU student publications and how to find them on the ISU website. Several people asked questions about attending ISU and the language of record which is English. Dr. Bukley outlined the application and admission standards, along with additional information about ISU so if you are interested in the program, listen carefully. Before the program concluded, I asked Dr. Bukley about Chapter 3: Space Stories. Here, we talked about the need for space stories from those that have been to space or work closely in the industry and how the stories help make the bond with us all about space. Dr. Angie Bukley can be contacted through the ISU website, www.isunet.edu. Her direct email for comments and questions is Bukley@isu.isunet.edu. Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Fri, 19 Feb 2010 15:28:10 UTC
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Classrom Lesson 3 Orbital Dynamics, Tuesday, 2-16-10 (61.78MB; download) -- Guests: CLASROOM: Dan Adamo and co-hosts: Topics: Lesson 3: Orbital/Flight Dynamics. Lesson 3 discussed the basics of orbital and flight dynamics over a two hour plus period. As with all Classroom programs, the goal was to ground listeners on the facts of space flight. In our initial segment, Dan provided us with a basic understanding of both orbital and flight dynamics and what a Flight Dynamics Officer (FDO pronounced as Fido) actually does. We talked about the training required, the supervision, internships, computers used and the various positions available including working the console. Dan also explained the difference in doing an LEO mission versus a longer mission to the Moon, a NEO, or Mars. He also described the differences in working a human spaceflight mission versus a science or robotic mission. I asked Dan to extrapolate to the needs of orbital space tourism or an orbital destination to a Bigelow space station. We described and explained transfer orbits using the Moon as an example. This is a very important factual discussion including rendezvous, the concept of antipode, and launch windows. Here, our panelists explained that we launch eastward but to go to ISS at 51.6 North, we have to go to the NE. The penalty for doing this was clearly and technically explained. This discussion brought up staging and the tyranny of the rocket equation. Pay attention to the required maneuvering to get to station, why it starts almost immediately after leaving the pad, and the penalty paid by Europeans and even the Russians to get to this orbit. As you will hear, once at the ISS, its easy to go to the Moon and other places, but getting to ISS does involve a costly launch penalty. I asked about polar orbits to the Moon and our panel members explained the facts of this type of orbital action in detail. The timing and windows on the polar orbit are far more severe than equatorial or an ISS launch. In our second segment, our guests said that the reason orbital dynamics was so hard was because of the tyranny of the rocket equation. Dan then talked about Adamo's Rules for the Road for Gravitational Harmony. These rules are on the blog as part of the Lesson 3 presentation materials. A propellant depot discussion followed. This is an essential and must hear part of this Classroom program as we talked about orbital dynamics issues, propellant depot orbits and locations including at the destination, cryogenic transfer, location near the ISS and much more. Plausible and not so plausible propellant depot missions were described. We suggested that those proposing propellant depots need to undertake a Conceptual Mission Design and run the numbers. Orbital and flight dynamics need to be part of the analysis, not just the engineering issues. We then talked about the presentation material submitted by Dr. Jurist and partial orbits, launch east instead of west and Jim brought up the concept of minimum energy used by the clipper ships as an analogy to why launching east is more effective than Point to Point going west. Our panel members said the purpose of the Classroom was to offer grounding on the issues controlling spaceflight. Jim suggested that the future is not unfolding as any of us thought it would be and this presents us with disconnects from facts and reality. Dr. Logan suggested four areas that we must all be grounded in: 1) the rocket equation; 2) flight dynamic; 3) bio-medical and human factors realities for space travel; 4) propulsion. He said to solve these much needed problems, grounding is essential. All of us agreed. If you have comments or questions, please post them on The Space Show Classroom blog at http://spaceshowclassroom.wordpress.com under the Lesson 3 Archive section. All co-host email addresses are on the blog and Dan Adamo said he could be reached at adamod@earthlink.net. All notes and comments sent to me at drspace@thespaceshow.com will be posted on the blog.
Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Wed, 17 Feb 2010 18:23:20 UTC
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Dr. Richard Greenberg, Monday, 2-15-10 (33.65MB; download) --
Guest: Dr. Richard Greenberg. Topics: Europa, the moon of Jupiter, the potential for life on Europa. Dr. Richard Greenberg was our guest to discuss his book, "Unmasking Europa: The Search For Life On Jupiter's Ocean Moon." This book is available on the One Giant Leap Foundation Amazon partners book page, www.onegiantleapfoundation.org/books. You can order the book using this URL, http://www.amazon.com/dp/0387479368?tag=onegialeafou-20. Remember, if you buy the book through the OGLF Amazon partners page, Amazon makes a contribution to OGLF/The Space Show. In our first segment, Dr. Greenberg talked about the water on Europa, the oceans, possible sea life due to the oxygen that interacts from the surface down. He talked about the ice and the estimated O2 path which might set up the mechanisms for complex life as there is plenty of O2 available for complex life. We talked about the next flagship Europa mission which is to take place in approximately twenty years. Dr. Greenberg stressed throughout the show the need for this mission to have a Europa lander. At one point during this segment, I asked about the approximate cost of a Europa mission and if scientists would be willing or able to buy the research results in a commercial contract. While he estimated the cost at about $3 billion, you will want to hear what he had to say about buying commercial research. Also in this segment, we talked about Europa being heated by tidal friction and the differences with Europa from the other moons of Jupiter. In our second segment, we got a call from listener Rick who asked about the spider complex at the Manannan crater. We spoke about radiation and the need to harden electronic equipment going to Europa. We also talked about the nature of science in that the missions to Europa are so far apart that new teams of scientists step in to conclude the experiment. We talked about this being the nature of science even if frustrating. As an example, he said that he started work on the Galileo Mission in late 1977 and the mission ended in 2003! The tidal issue was also discussed in this segment as was the orbit of Europa. Here we talked about orbital resonance and the ratios with Io, Europa, and Ganymede. In our third and final segment which was shortened, we talked about the color photographs in his book. He said they were artificial colors because the camera on board the Galileo spacecraft only had first generation CCD black and white cameras and did not contain all the filters necessary for rendering real color. He suggested that if we looked at Europa from the window of a spacecraft, we would probably see a smooth white surface object. This is a fascinating discussion about color photographs so don't miss it. He also said he used the black and white photos for his research, not the enhanced color photographs. Toward the end of this segment, Lake Vostok came up as a study model for Europa regarding the contamination issues. If you have a comment or question for Dr. Richard Greenberg, you can email him at greenberg@lpl.arizona.edu.
Selected by: David Livingston [ stations ], Tue, 16 Feb 2010 17:02:10 UTC
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